The 2020 WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour call for older adults to undertake 150–300 min of moderate intensity physical activity (or 75–150 min vigorous), including muscle strengthening on at least 2 days per week and varied multicomponent physical activity emphasizing functional balance and strength training on at least 3 days per week. In this way, physical activity is a key enabler of work, social contribution, autonomy and dignity as well as health in older age. This new conceptual approach acknowledges the functional diversity among older adults and focuses on health and capability rather than chronological age. In the 2015 Report on Ageing and Health WHO identified the potential for physical activity to slow age-related decline in functional ability, and develop and maintain physical and mental intrinsic capacity in older adults. Once called the ‘Cinderella risk factor’ for non-communicable disease (NCD) prevention due to policy neglect and inadequate resourcing, physical activity is globally recognised as important for supporting healthy ageing in a number of ways. This initiative is part of the United Nations’ 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda and WHO Global Strategy and Action Plan on Ageing and Health (GSAP) and argues a universal right to health at all ages. Moreover, 80% of these older adults are projected to live in low- and middle-income countries with limited access to health services and, as shown by the current COVID-19 pandemic, age is associated with increased risk of disease, co-morbidity and loss of independence. There are currently more than one billion people (12%) aged over 60 years and this is forecast to grow to 2 billion (22%) by 2050. In October 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Decade of Healthy Ageing 2021–2030 in response to rapid, global population ageing. Comprehensive reviews of individual studies are now needed as well as research targeting neglected outcomes, populations and settings. specific programmes and services, but coverage of sport and workplace interventions, and diverse samples and settings is lacking. By comparison, there is abundant evidence for GAPPA 3. There is a modest but growing volume of evidence regarding interventions designed to increase total physical activity in older adults, although more interventional studies with long term follow-up are needed, particularly for GAPPA 1. We noted insufficient coverage in diverse and disadvantaged samples and low-middle income countries. Fewer reported outcomes of total physical activity, social participation and quality of life/well-being. There were few reviews of health promotion/coaching and health professional education/referral, and none of sport, workplace, sociocultural or environmental interventions. Interventions were predominantly structured exercise programmes, including balance strength/resistance training, and physical recreation, such as yoga and tai chi. We identified 39 reviews of interventions to increase physical activity and 342 reviews of programmes/services for older adults. We classified the overall findings as positive, negative or inconclusive. We extracted and coded data from eligible reviews according to our proposed framework informed by TIDieR, Prevention of Falls Network Europe (PROFANE), and WHO’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). We identified interventions designed to: (1) increase physical activity and (2) deliver physical activity programmes and services in home, community or outpatient settings. We searched PEDro, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Cochrane from 1 January 2010 to 1 November 2020 for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of physical activity interventions in adults aged 60+. Our research questions are: (1) what is the evidence regarding interventions designed to increase total physical activity in adults aged 60+ years, in accordance with three of the four strategic objectives of GAPPA (active societies, active environments, active people) (2) what is the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of physical activity programmes and services designed for older adults? and (3) What are the evidence gaps requiring further research? Methods To inform implementation and future research, this scoping review investigates the volume of evidence for physical activity interventions among adults aged 60+.
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